CNC Machines: What Are the Different Types?

Tasks that once seemed impossible are now easily accomplished thanks to CNC machining. CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines are automated tools widely used in manufacturing to deliver high efficiency, precision, and repeatability.

There are several types of CNC machines, including milling machines, lathes, routers, plasma cutters, electric discharge machines (EDM), and laser cutters. CNC milling machines use computer-guided controls to shape materials and can perform operations like face milling, shoulder milling, drilling, tapping, and turning. CNC lathes rotate the workpiece while cutting, providing greater accuracy and compactness compared to traditional manual lathes. Meanwhile, CNC routers function similarly to handheld routers but operate in three dimensions, making them ideal for intricate designs and smaller-scale projects across various materials.

What Is a CNC Machine?

A CNC machine (Computer Numerical Control machine) is an automated manufacturing tool controlled by pre-programmed software. These machines carry out highly precise operations such as cutting, drilling, and milling with minimal human involvement. By automating complex machining tasks, CNC machines manufacturers to produce high-quality parts more efficiently, reduce material waste, and enhance overall accuracy.

Training to become a CNC machinist at UTI’s Mooresville campus offers a hands-on, immersive experience rather than a traditional classroom approach. As CNC instructor Craig Hibdon describes it, the program is an “intensive immersion,” where students engage directly with practical skills. The courses cover essential subjects like precision measurement, blueprint reading, and multi-axis milling, providing students with a strong foundation to confidently launch their careers in CNC machining.

Types of CNC Machines

CNC machines are essential to modern manufacturing, delivering the precision and efficiency required to produce complex, high-quality components.

They operate using G-code, a specialized programming language that controls parameters such as tool movement, speed, and feed rate. Each type of CNC machine is designed for specific tasks and must be operated by skilled professionals to ensure safety and optimal performance.

1. CNC milling machine

One of the most common types of CNC machines, a CNC mill utilizes computer controls to cut various materials. Mills can translate specific programs of numbers and letters to move the spindle in several ways.

CNC mills can perform a wide variety of functions, including face milling, shoulder milling, tapping, drilling and turning. Most machines come in three-to-six-axis configurations. Compared with other tools, CNC mills are typically larger and more expensive. Common manufacturers include Okuma, HAAS and DMG Mori.

2. CNC lathe

A lathe is a CNC machine that cuts workpieces as they are rotated. CNC lathes can quickly make precise cuts by using various tools. CNC lathes are more precise than manual lathes, even if their framework is similar. They often have fewer axes than CNC milling machines so they’re more compact.

CNC lathes come with similar controls to those of CNC mills. They can read both G-code and other proprietary programming languages. Some of the most common CNC lathe machine manufacturers include HAAS, Mori Seiki and Okuma.

3. CNC router

A CNC router is a machine that is very similar to a hand-held router, which is commonly used for cutting various materials. This type of CNC machine can cut steel, wood, aluminum, composites, plastic and foam.

A CNC router is similar to a CNC mill. It can use computer numerical control to route tool paths that enable the machine to function. CNC routers reduce waste and increase productivity by producing various items in a shorter amount of time.

Most routers can operate on a particular material in all three dimensions and are great for smaller projects such as creating prototype models or complex designs. They are also available in three-axis, four-axis, five-axis and six-axis routers.

4. CNC plasma cutter

CNC plasma cutters use a plasma torch to cut material. This method is most commonly used to cut heavy materials, such as steel and other types of metal.

A CNC plasma cutter works by blowing gas at a high speed from a nozzle. It creates an electrical arc through the gas on the surface that is being cut.

This process converts some of the gas into plasma with temperatures that range from about 10,000-50,000 degrees. The plasma is hot enough to melt any material and it blows away any molten metal from the site of the cut.

CNC plasma cutters are very similar to CNC routers in terms of shape and size.

5. CNC electric discharge machine

Electric discharge machining, or EDM for short, involves creating a specific shape within a certain material by using electrical discharges, or sparks.

In this process, the material is removed from a specific workpiece by a series of recurring electrical discharges between two electrodes. These electrodes are separated by a dielectric fluid, which often receives an electric voltage. In this machine, the material is placed between two electrodes. The machine then calculates the amount of electrical discharge each electrode needs to produce.

6. CNC laser cutter

The CNC laser cutter is similar to the CNC plasma machine. The only difference is that lasers are mostly used for cutting.

They are great for cutting metals, plastic or hardwood. Depending on the density and strength of the material, the intensity of the laser can be adjusted.

7. 3D printer 

3D printers use additive manufacturing technology, which builds objects layer by layer using materials such as plastic, resin or metal. Unlike subtractive CNC machines that remove material, 3D printers add material based on digital models.

These machines are ideal for prototyping, custom parts and low-volume production. They are commonly used in industries such as aerospace, automotive, medical and consumer products.

8. Multi-axis CNC machine 

Multi-axis CNC machines are advanced systems capable of moving tools or parts in four or more directions simultaneously. The added axes allow for greater precision and the ability to machine complex shapes in a single setup.

Common configurations include 4-axis, 5-axis, and even 6-axis machines, which are often used in aerospace and high-end manufacturing.

9. CNC automatic tool changer 

A CNC automatic tool changer (ATC) is a system that quickly switches tools in and out of a CNC machine to improve productivity and reduce manual intervention.

This feature is typically found on advanced mills or machining centers and is essential for jobs requiring multiple operations or tooling changes in a single run.

10. CNC waterjet cutter 

CNC waterjet cutters use a high-pressure stream of water, often mixed with abrasive particles, to cut through materials such as metal, stone, ceramic and glass without generating heat.'

This cold-cutting method is ideal for materials sensitive to high temperatures and allows for clean, precise cuts with minimal waste.

11. CNC drilling machine 

CNC drilling machines specialize in making precise, consistent holes in a variety of materials. Unlike manual drills, they use computer programming for exact depth, angle and spacing.

They are commonly used in manufacturing, construction and electronics industries, where accuracy is critical.

12. CNC grinder 

CNC grinders use rotating abrasive wheels to remove material and achieve a high surface finish or tight tolerance on a part. They are commonly used for metalworking, especially in finishing or sharpening applications.

CNC grinding is ideal for producing smooth finishes and refining components like cutting tools, gears and engine parts.

Common CNC Machine FAQs

How many types of CNC machines are there?

There are numerous types of CNC machines used in today’s manufacturing industry, each tailored to specific applications. While classifications vary, at least a dozen common types exist, including CNC milling machines, lathes, routers, plasma cutters, and 3D printers. When exploring these types, it’s important to consider each machine’s function, complexity, and the materials it can process.

What are the main components of a CNC machine?

A typical CNC machine consists of several essential components:

• Controller: Acts as the brain, interpreting G-code instructions to guide operations.

• Drive System: Includes motors and actuators that move the machine’s parts.

• Machine Bed: The sturdy frame that supports the entire system.

• Tool Holder or Spindle: Holds and rotates cutting tools or workpieces.

• Interface: Allows operators to input commands and monitor the machining process.

Together, these elements enable CNC machines to perform precise, automated tasks reliably.

How does a CNC machine work?

CNC machines operate by following pre-programmed computer software that controls their movements and actions. The workflow begins with a digital design, which is translated into G-code—a language the machine understands. The controller then directs the motors and drives to move tools or materials along specified paths, enabling highly precise and repeatable operations such as cutting, drilling, or shaping.

What materials can CNC machines work with?

CNC machines are versatile and capable of working with a broad range of materials. These include metals like aluminum, steel, and titanium; plastics such as acrylic and PVC; and other materials including wood, foam, composites, and even glass. The choice of material often influences which CNC machine type is best suited for the job, as different machines are designed to handle specific material properties.

Which industries use CNC machines?

CNC technology is widely employed across various industries due to its precision and efficiency. Key sectors include aerospace, automotive, electronics, medical device manufacturing, and construction. CNC machines are also popular in custom fabrication, prototyping, and creative fields such as art and furniture design. The selection of a particular CNC machine depends on industry-specific requirements, whether that involves cutting metal, routing wood, or printing intricate components.